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UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS CENTRE AGAINST APARTHEID
NOTES AND DOCUMENTS*
April 1986
3/86
REGISTER OF ENTERTAINERS, ACTORS AND OTHERS WHO HAVE PERFORMED IN APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA
/Note: This third Register of entertainers, actors and others who have performed in apartheid South Africa since the beginning of 1981 is published at the request of the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid as part of the campaign for a cultural boycott against South Africa called for in a number of resolutions of the General Assembly. The first Register was published in October 1983; the present register includes a consolidated list.
The Special Committee intends to keep the Register up to date and to publish supplements periodically. Names of persons who undertake not to engage in further cultural contacts with South Africa will be deleted from future lists.
*All material in these Notes and Documents may be freely reprinted. Acknowledgement, together with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be appreciated. 86-11227 United Nations, New York 10017
INTRODUCTION
The United Nations General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Special Committee against Apartheid, adopted a resolution (35/206 E) on 16 December 1980, calling for "cultural, academic and other boycotts of South Africa". On 17 December 1981, the Assembly adopted another resolution (36/172 I) on academic, cultural and sports boycotts of South Africa. At its fortieth session, the
General Assembly, in resolution 40/64 A adopted on 10 December 1985, requested-all States to adopt legislative and/or other comparable measures to ensure the "observance of sports, cultural, academic, consumer, tourism and other boycotts of South Africa".
Pursuant to the first two resolutions, the Special Committee has made every effort to promote a cultural boycott of South Africa by appealing to entertainers, artists, cultural groups and others to refuse or cancel engagements to perform in South Africa.
As part of these efforts, the Special Committee began periodical publication of the "Register of entertainers, actors and others who have performed in apartheid South Africa". The first register was published in October 1983, the second in December 1984. The present document is the third in the series. The purpose of the Register has been to show the extent to which the General Assembly decisions on the cultural boycott against South Africa are being observed. The information which appears in the Register is gathered through South African and international media as well as from non-governmental organizations. The Register is widely distributed. Furthermore, the Special
Committee has made a genuine effort to reach all those whose names have appeared in the Register. The names of those personalities who have undertaken not to perform again in South Africa have been deleted from the Register and are reproduced in its annex.
The cultural boycott of South Africa has made important gains in 1985, especially in the United States of America. There has been a significant decline in the number of entertainers, actors and others performing in South Africa. This resulted from an increase in international activities against collaboration with the apartheid r6gime. Following the publication of the second Register in December 1984, several anti-apartheid and other non-governmental organizations successfully intensified their efforts to deter performers from visiting South Africa. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, for example, some municipalities adopted legislation banning artists who visited South Africa from performing in municipal facilities. In Norway, the Norwegian
Council for Southern Africa requested the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation not to transmit records, cassettes or tapes made by individuals whose names appear on the Register.
Moreover, a number of artists, acting jointly or individually, have taken meaningful action to strengthen the cultural boycott. In March 1985, Stevie Wonder, a prominent musician in the United States, accepted his Oscar Award in the name of Nelson Mandela as an act of solidarity with the suffering black people of South Africa. The apartheid regime reacted by imposing a ban on Wonder's music. Furthermore, Stevie Wonder was among those who were arrested in February 1985 while demonstrating in front of the South African Embassy in Washington, D.C. In May, the Special Committee presented a citation to Stevie Wonder, expressing its great appreciation for his contribution to the international campaign against apartheid. On 23 July, Woody Allen, a prominent
actor and director from the United States, announced that he would no longer allow his movies to be released in South Africa, as a protest against that regime's policies, and hoped that other actors would follow his example. Albert Finney, a British actor, directed and acted in a film called The Biko Inquest. The film, produced earlier in 1985, was based on a highly-acclaimed play about the death in
detention of Mr. Steve Biko. *
Over 50 musical artists joined "Artists United against Apartheid" ** to record the anti-apartheid song entitled "Sun City". The song was composed by Little Steven, co-produced by mix-master Arthur Baker, and sung by over 50 artists representing the fields of rock, rhythm and blues, jazz, rap reggae, Latin, folk and African music. The song focuses on Sun City, an entertainment complex in the so-called homeland of Bophuthatswana in South Africa, where musicians and entertainers from various countries perform despite the international cultural boycott of South Africa. Its message is that South Africa should be boycotted aslong as apartheid prevails. The Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Chairman of the Special Committee were presented with the first pressing of the "Sun City" record at a ceremony held by the Special Committee on 30 October 1985.
Despite the international outcry against collaboration with the apartheid r6gime, this present Register shows that a large number of artists and musicians continue to perform in South Africa. It is hoped that they will follow the example of those who have renounced their intention to visit and perform in South Africa as long as the vicious system of apartheid prevails in that country. By doing so, they will show their attachment to the highest ideals of art and culture of which apartheid is the antithesis and relation.
* Steve Biko died in 1977 from head injuries that he sustained while in the custody of the South African police. It was not until July 1985 that the two doctors who had examined Biko at the time of his death were found guilty despite attempts by the South African Medical Association to cover up. The South African regime took no action against the doctors.
** The following were members of "Artists United against Apartheid": Afrika Bambaataa, Ray Barrett0, Stiv Bator (Lords of the New Church), Pat Benatar, Big Youth, Ruben Blades, Kurtis Blow, Bono (U2), Duke Bootee, Jackson Browne, Ron Carter, Clarence Clemons, Jimmy Cliff, George Clinton, Miles Davis, D.J. Cheese, Will Downing, Bob Dylan, The Fat Boys, Peter Gabriel, Peter Garrett (Midnight Oil), Bob Geldof, Daryl Hall, Herbie Hancock, Nona Hendryx, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Stanley Jordan, Kashif, Eddie Kendrick, Darlene Love, Malopoets, Grandmaster Melle Mel, Michael Monroe (Hanoi Rocks), John Oates, Sunny Okosuns, Bonnie Raitt, Joey Ramone, Lou Reed, Keith Richards, David Ruffin, Run-DMC, Scorpio, Gil Scott-Heron, Shankar, Bruce Springsteen, Zak Starkey, Ringo Starr, Tina B, Pete Townshend, Via Afrika, Tony Williams, Peter Wolf, Ron Wood, Bobby Womack and Little Steven van Zandt.
The Special Committee would like to express its appreciation to all entertainers, actors and artists who openly declared their solidarity with the oppressed people of South Africa by refusing to perform in that country. It is hoped that they will intensify their efforts toward the implementation of the cultural boycott against South Africa.
The Special Committee wishes to place on record its admiration and support to the anti-apartheid organizations in North America, in the Caribbean, Scandinavian and other European countries who have exerted tremendous efforts to encourage entertainers, artists and others whose names appeared on the Register to pledge that they will not perform in South Africa until the abhorrent system of apartheid is dismantled. The Special Committee values greatly their contribution and urges them to continue with the good work to ensure the total isolation of South Africa in the cultural and other fields.
REGISTER OF ENTERTAINERS, ACTORS AND OTHERS WHO HAVE PERFORMED IN APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA SINCE JANUARY 1981
Argentina
Arnaldo Cohen, pianist Bruno Leonardo Gelber, pianist
Australia
Gary Doherty, ballet dancer Andy Gibb, singer (lives in the United States) Dave Mills, singer Helen Reddy, singer (lives in the United States)
Austria
Murray Dickie, opera conductor Stolz Einzi J.F. Holzleiter, leader of the Salzburger Stierwascher, folk and dance group Grundula Janowitz, soprano Salzburger Stierwascher, folk and dance group Christa Schrammein Heiner Schrammein Uhplattergruppe Westdorf Vienna Boys Choir Berry Walter, baritone singer Erik Werba, piano accompanist
Belgium
Tom van Cauwenberg, ballet dancer Annick Lenelle, trapeze artist * Expressiegroep Vredoni, musical group
Brazil
Vanya Elias-Jos6, pianist
Canada
Ron Alexander, dancer Miguel Brown, dancer Angela Cheng, pianist Marc-Andr6 Hamelin Ick Coo Moon, pianist Galina Samsova, ballet dancer Names marked with an asterisk indicate those who included in the previous Registers.
Denmark
Egon Madsen, ballet dancer
France
Marie-Claire Alain, organist Pierre Cardin, fashion designer Jean Philippe Collard, musician Jacques Delacote, symphony conductor * Maurice Hasson, violinist * Erik Heidsieck, concert pianist Johnny Martin, entertainer Lizzy Mercierdescloux, singer Stephane Ode, tumbler * Danille Pascale, cabaret star * Regis Pasquier * Yves Rault, pianist *
Germany, Federal Republic of
Boney M, pop group, composed of the following: Marcia Barrett Frank Farion Liz Mitchell Regie Tsiboe Mazie Williams Michael Borneman, musician Sieglind Bruhn, piano accompanist Nina Burell, dancer (marrried to Scott Burell) lives in the United States) Scott Burell, dancer (lives in the United States) Eurythmeum Stuttgart dance troupe German folk dancers from Reichelsheim (near Frankfurt) Goombay Dance band, reggae group Heino, folk singer Horst Jankowski, pianist Cornelia Kallish, contralto singer Rolf Klose, artist Othmar Maga, conductor Mediumterzeit, music trio Carla Pohl, opera singer (South African-born) * Binette Schroeder, artist Elke Sommer, actress Supermax rock group Stuttgart trio Peter Timmerman The Trachten Gruppe Gschwend Rose Wagermann Christian Zacharias *
Greece
Sonia Carastavrakis, traditional singer Maria Haitas, traditional dancer Isadoras, band Petro Kokokis, bouzouki player, Shiakali Dance Troupe, Cypriot dancers Cathy Paraskevas, traditional dancer Nick Paraskevas, traditional dancer Janis Vakarelis, pianist * Mary Vassilou, teacher of traditional dancers Christalde Vollotis, singer
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Ali Rahbari, conductor (lives in Austria)
Ireland
Tony Allen, singer * Geraldine Branagan, singer Michael Bryan, singer/songwriter* Margo Burns, singer Trevor Burns, singer Phil Coulter, pop music producer Joe Dolan, singer Danny Fisher Showband, musical group Mick Foster, singer * Tom McGrath Dave Monks, singer * Harry Monks, singer * Cissy Stone, band leader/singer
Israel
Daniel Adni, pianist Yardena Arazi, singer * Dalita Atlas, conductor Niv Rami Bar, pianist Daniel Benyamini, orchestra leader Mordechai Ben David, classical music singer Yehoram Gaon, singer/comedian Uzzi Hitman, singer/songwriter Esti Katz, musician Jenny Kessler, opera singer John Kozar, pianist Milka Laks, pianist Dapha Margolin, entertainer Or Akiva, song and dance group
Valery Panov, ballet dancer Galina Panova, ballet dancer Ra'anana Dance Centre Group Rivka Raz, singer-actress Joram Rosov, professor of arts and design * Galina Samsova, ballet dancer * Yoel Shar, entertainer Tzavtaz, folk group Arie Vardi, pianist David Zar, singer/composer Asaf Zehar, pianist
Italy
Laura Antonelli, actress Luigi Alberto Bianchi, viola player Maria Chiara, opera singer The Coro Illersberg Folk Group Fiorenza Cossotta, opera singer Carlo Cossutta, opera singer Princess Ira Furstenberg, actress Marcella Gudeli, pianist Ida Kulanka, mime Giorgio Lamberti, opera singer Elena Mauti-Nunziata, opera singer Francesca Merola, singer * Robert Selvilli, singer * Marina Specifico, mime Ernesto Veronelli, opera singer *
Japan
Yasuli Hayashi, opera singer Yoshinuri Kikuchi, symphony conductor * Mitsuko Shirai, opera singer Yoshimi Takeda, conductor Yoko Watanabe, opera singer *
Republic of Korea
Dong-Suk-Kung Kimera, pop singer (lives in Spain) *
Netherlands
The Folkloristiche Dance Group Heintje (Hein Simons), singer W.F. Hermans Gerard Reve, writer
New Zealand
Ricky May, jazz singer
Paraguay
Los Mensajeros, band
Portugal
Amalia Rodriguez, singer Tony Silva (Herman Jos6) singer/humorist
Puerto Rico
Dax Xenos, singer Joaquim Achucarro, pianist Agrupaci6n Coral de Elizondo Enrique Garcia
Asencio, symphony conductor Fernando Bonegio, guitarist Julia Bonegio, dancer Radl Bonegio, guitarist Montserrat Caball6, opera singer Federico Cerva, dancer Antonio del Castillo, dancer * Luis Dorvis, guitarist Alfredo Kraus, opera singer Mercedes Molina Dance Company (Luisa Cortes, director) Josi Montoya Spanish Dance Theatre Rafael Orazco, pianist Elvira Reyes, dancer* Angel Romero, classical guitarist (lives in the United States)) La Marina Royas, guitarist Esteban Salamanca, flamenco singer Enrique Segovia Pedro Soler, guitarist Valcamba, music group
Sweden
Mary Stavin, actress
Switzerland
Claude 0. Brecht, singer P. Eustorgi, musician L. Glauser, musician
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Janine Andrews, actress Jeffrey Archer, novelist John Arnold, symphony conductor * Frank Barrie, actor Shirley Bassey, singer Simon Bell, singer Michael Bentine, comedian/comic actor Biddu and Orchestra Michael Binss, pianist Joyce Blair, dancer Judy Bowker, actress Paul Bradley (Paul Mal), singer Christine le Brocq, actress Elkie Brooks, singer Ayesha Brough, singer/dancer Chrissey Caine, singer Marti Caine, singer/entertainer Anthony Caro, sculptor Collin Carr, cellist Bruno Carter, ballet dancer * John Casson, actor Christopher Cazanove, actor Dianne Chandler, singer Jean St. Clair, actress Nicholas Clay, actor John Clegg, pianist Shirley Conran, writer Imogen Cooper, pianist Ray Davies, singer * Margaret Eales, soprano singer David Earl, composer * Maria Eldridge, disco dancer Michael Elpchick, actor Annabel Etkind, harpist Duncan Faure, pop musician Faure Faure, television producer Keeley Ford, singer Frederick Forsyth, novelist Philip Fowke, pianist * Edward Fox, actor * Claire Francis, writer and yachtswoman Stuart Gillies, singer Bob Gladwin, entertainment agent * Rudy Glipin, disc jockey Henry Goodman, actor * Kenneth Griffity, actor Pamela Haines, novelist Tony Hart, entertainer Jack Hedley, actor John Helliwell, saxophonist Dickie Henderson, comedian
David Hillman, opera singer Bob Hird, theatrical director Hot Gossip, dance troupe Derek Jones, conductor Evan Jones, musician Jennifer Jones, disco dancer Josephine Jones, soprano singer Nicholas Jones, actor Kasatska Cossacks, dancers Nikki Kelly, actress Trevor Kelly, comedian Eddie Kidd, stuntman Adm Kidron, record producer Roger Kitter, comedian K.C. and the Sunshine Band, composed of the following: Deborah Carter Ellis Parker Fermin Goytisolo Dennie Sierra Willie Hall James Taylor Hazel King Edward Webster Thomas Maddox Penny Lane, cabaret artist Richard Lawrence, opera singer Jona Lewis, singer/songwriter John Lillwill, pianist Elizabeth Longford, journalist Richard Loring, singer Derik Malcolm, film critic Illa Malcolmson, dancer Male Voice Choir of Wales / Mary Mason, cabaret artist Peter Maxwell, entertainer Marius May, cellist Tom
McAllister, musician Barry McGrath, dancer Malcolm McLaren, musician Stephanie Mclean, actress Michael Meyer, playwright Midnight Flyers, singing group * Michael Milligan, comedian Kevin Moore, actor Jean Munro-Martin, disco dancer Jimmy Nairn, singer Anthony Newly, entertainer 2/ * Steve Newman, guitarist Mariana Nicolesco, opera singer Margaret Orr, dancer Tim Plewman, actor Rick Podell, comedian Robert Powell, actor * Queen, rock group Katie Rabbett, model Allyson Rees,
actress Peter Rice, stage designer Peter Sarsted, singer Leo Sayer, singer Leonard Schach, film director * Gerald Seymour, novelist * Barry Sheene, actor/entertainer George Sherman, pianist Andrew Smart, dancer Robina Smart, dancer (wife of Andrew Smart) Stella Starr, singer Robert Stephens, actor Ronnie Stevens, actor Shakin' Stevens, rock star * Rod Stewart, singer Russell Stone, singer Jacek Strauch, opera singer * Donald Swann, pianist David Sycamore, ballroom dancer Bernie Taupin, songwriter Brian Torff, bass player Toto Coelo, band Gail Vaughan, singer Timothy Walker, guitarist Dilys Watling, cabaret artist John Watts, actor Denise Weavers, ballroom dancer Terry Webster, comedian/cabaret artist Jeff Weston, record distributor Kim Wilde, singer Emlyn Williams
Victor Winding, actor Barbara Woodhouse, dog trainer/ TV personality Mark Wynter, actor Brian Yemm, comedian/singer Anita Young, dancer
United States of America
Jim Abrahams, film maker America, country rock group, composed of: Gerry Beckley Darvey Bernell Bob Anderson, singer Paul Anka, singer Susan Anton, singer/actress Bellamy Brothers, country music singers C.L. Blast, singer Norman Boehm, pianist Ernest Borgnine, actor Gwen Brisco, singer Shirley Brown, singer Glen Campbell, country music singer Clarence Carter, singer
Ray Charles, singer Cher, singer/actress Rita Coolidge, singer Kelly Danyluk * Valerie Errante, singer Jack Faulla, ballet dancer * Renee Fleming, singer Carla Fontang, jazz trombonist Milos Foreman, film director George Forest Midel Fox, jazz musician Don Francisco, gospel singer Buddy de Franco, clarinetist "Glide", breakdancer, member of the Dynamic Rockers David Golup, pianist *
Jack Gregg, jazz musician Michael Gunt, pianist Susan Haine, dancer David Hasselhof, TV star Richard Hatch Goldie Hawn, actress Joe Henderson, saxophonist Richard Groove Holmes, jazz musician Jimmy Bo Home, singer Susan Howard, actress Peanuts Hucko, jazz clarinetist Suzie Hyde, dancer Janis Ian, singer David Jackson, jazz musician Willie "Gator" Jackson, jazz musician Marine Jahana, dancer Oliver Johnson, jazz musician Jack Jones, singer Sue Jorgensen, ice skater* Howard Keel, actor/singer Fern Kinney Louis Lane, symphony conductor Jaime Laredo, violinist Liberace, pianist/singer Love Machine, dancers and singers Ann Margaret, actress-singer Barry Martin, dancer
Johnny Matthis, singer Kevin Elliot Maynor, opera singer Mighty Clouds of Joy, gospel singers Liza Minelli, actress/singer Ella Mitchell, gospel singer Marion Vernett Moore, opera singer The New York Barbers' Shop and Agrupaci6n Coral de Elizando Linda Oliphant, singer Charles Pace Alan J. Pakula, film director Dolly Parton, country singer Peter Mancer Dancers and Reborn Russell Peters, pianist Jack du Pree, singer Tim Reid, "Venus Flytrap", TV star Linda Ronstadt, rock singer Telly "Kojak" Savalas, actor Shirley Scott, singer Neil Sedaka, singer Sharon Shackleford Sha Na Na, rock group Frank Sinatra, singer Diana Solomon, singer Candi Staton, singer Dakota Staton, jazz musician Joseph Swenson, violinist Buddy Tate, jazz saxophonist John Thomas, jazz musician Stanley Turrentine, jazz artist Leo Variety, leader of Variations Band Village People, band Lovelace Watkins, singer "Wavey" legs, breakdancer, member of the Dynamic Rockers Ronny Whyte, pianist Aaron Williams, ventriloquist Willy, juggler William C. Witter, actor Robert Wright Oxana Yablonskaya, pianist * Robert Yokabaskas, ice skater * Saul Zaentz, film director Mark Zeltser, pianist Efren Zimbalist, actor Mike Zwerin, jazz musician
Nationality unknown
Tonkins Anderson, dancer * Basia, musician Edgar Cosma * Eva Graubin, conductor Steven de Groote Caroline Hallet, actress * Janusz, musician Klaus Kanngiesser, cellist Kopezynski, musician Rainier Kussman, violinist Claudia Leoni, dancer * Nadav Tel-Oren Dimitri Sitkovetsky, violinist * Sharron Strime, dancer * Bryan Watson, dancer * Toni White, actress * Victor Yampolsky, conductor
The following were listed as coming from "Taiwan":
Lydia Wong, violinist* Tang Yun, violinist*
A_ The Welsh Anti-Apartheid Movement campaigned against any co-operation by the International Eisteddfod Committee- with headquarters in Llangollen, Wales- with the Roodepoort International Eisteddfod of South Africa and appealed for a boycott of Welsh singers. The Chairman, Mr. Noel Bowen, and the honorary secretary, Mr. I. Morris-Jones, of the International Eisteddfod Committee, visited South Africa to advise the organizers of the Roodepoort International Eisteddfod of South Africa. As a result, two established Welsh choirs decided not to go to South Africa and several local education authorities refused leave for their employees to go on the tour. Mr. Stuart Weaving, a wealthy British businessman, then offered to finance the tour and, through public advertisements, organized a group of 69 Welsh choristers to perform in Roodepoort and tour South Africa. All members of the Welsh Choir registered in South African hotels as "Jones". The British Anti Apartheid Movement, however, obtained and provided the following incomplete list of names to the Special Committee against Apartheid:
Cymbach
Caldicott and District
D.B. Davies (Secretary) Ossie Davies William Davis (former m Ted Fry Andrew Gordon Martin James Ken Jones Malcolm Jones Allan Lloyd Mao Matthews John Merriman (ex-Chairl Tom Millard Gwyn Owen Allan Ponting David Rhys Arwyn Richards Noel Smith Emlyn Thomas Dereck Williams David Chown Alan Collins Glyn Cooper Hayden Davies (Public Relations Officer) Alun Evans (Vice-President) Olivia Franklin David Gould Tony Hancock Tom Hole Gerald Hughes Colin Jones (Committee member) Ken Lewis Aldwyn Pugh Allan Rowles David Stocker (Committee member) Idris Windos G. Harris Gwilym Rhys Jones Gwynoy Jones Danny Leahie Collin Leonard John Morgan Evan Roberts David W. Thomas Froncysyllte Barry Strutt 2/ He was scheduled to perform in December 1984; it is not certain whether he did.
Annex I
DELETIONS FROM THE REGISTER
Since the first "Register of entertainers, actors and others who have performed in apartheid South Africa" was published in October 1983, the Centre against Apartheid has received pledges from the following persons, whose names had appeared in the Register, that they would no longer perform in South Africa. Their names have, therefore, been deleted from the present Register:
Rolf Harris, bass baritone singer Kalevi Olli, bass baritone singer Cecille Ousset, pianist Yannis Markopoulos, composer Nana Mouskouri, singer Elsa Verghi, actress Nicos Xanthopoulos, singer Mitch T. Mitchell, singer Mary O'Hara, singer Hal Roche, comedian Lydia Mordkovitch, violinist Ingrid Bjoner, opera singer Einar Steen-Nokleberg, singer Julio Iglesias, singer Nicolai Gedda, opera singer Silvia Marcovici, violinist Andreas Vollenweider, musician Air Supply, pop group Christian Blackshaw, pianist Robert Cohen, cellist Francis Grier, musician Maurice Handford, symphony conductor Elton John, singer Cliff Richard, pop singer Janusz Piotrowicz Stechley Bonnie Tyler, singer Rick Wakeman, rock star George Benson, jazz musician Brook Benton, jazz musician Shelley Berman, comedian Chicago, rock group Chick Corea, jazz musician "Divine" (Harris Glen Milstead),
comedian Peter Eros, Symphony conductor Terry Gibbs, jazz vibraphonist Howard Hessman, TV star Millie Jackson, singer Gary Karr, bass virtuoso Audrey Landers, singer/actress Judity Landers, singer/actress Michael Love (Beach Boys) Barry Manilow, singer Curtis Mayfield, singer Stephanie Mills, singer Ruggiero Ricci, violinist Kenny Rogers, country music singer Staple Singers Jimmy Smith, jazz pianist Tina Turner, rock singer Carl Wilson (Beach Boys) Pia Zadora, actress
Although the name of the Osmond Brothers does not appear in the Register, they apparently toured South Africa in 1980. However, the Centre against Apartheid has received a pledge from the Osmond Brothers, Marie Osmond and Donny Osmond, that they will not visit that country again as long as the apartheid system prevails. Their names, henceforth, are included in the list of those who have pledged not to appear in apartheid South Africa.
